快速搭建kernel调试环境
使用脚本, 运行 就搭建好了内核编译环境和文件系统，还有vscode的环境和调试方法#!/bin/bash
# ============================================================
# Linux 内核阅读 + QEMU 调试环境 一键搭建
# 目标：x86_64，最小化，够用就行
# ============================================================
set -e
WORKDIR="$HOME/kernel-lab"
KERNEL_VERSION="6.6" # LTS 版本，稳定
BUSYBOX_VERSION="1.36.1"
JOBS=$(nproc)
echo "==> 工作目录: $WORKDIR"
mkdir -p "$WORKDIR"
cd "$WORKDIR"
# ============================================================
# 1. 安装依赖
# ============================================================
echo "==> [1/5] 安装依赖..."
sudo apt-get update -qq
sudo apt-get install -y \
clang llvm lld \
qemu-system-x86 \
wget curl git \
bc bison flex libssl-dev libelf-dev \
cpio gzip \
python3 \
bear \
--no-install-recommends
# ============================================================
# 2. 下载内核源码
# ============================================================
echo "==> [2/5] 下载内核 $KERNEL_VERSION..."
if [ ! -d "linux" ]; then
wget -q --show-progress \
"https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v6.x/linux-${KERNEL_VERSION}.tar.xz"
tar xf "linux-${KERNEL_VERSION}.tar.xz"
mv "linux-${KERNEL_VERSION}" linux
rm "linux-${KERNEL_VERSION}.tar.xz"
else
echo " 已存在，跳过下载"
fi
cd linux
# ============================================================
# 3. 配置 + 用 clang 编译，生成 compile_commands.json
# ============================================================
echo "==> [3/5] 配置内核（最小配置 + 调试选项）..."
# 从 x86_64 defconfig 开始
make ARCH=x86_64 CC=clang defconfig
# 追加调试/QEMU 必要选项
cat >> .config << 'EOF'
# 调试支持
CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO=y
CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_DWARF4=y
CONFIG_GDB_SCRIPTS=y
CONFIG_KALLSYMS=y
CONFIG_KALLSYMS_ALL=y
# QEMU 串口
CONFIG_SERIAL_8250=y
CONFIG_SERIAL_8250_CONSOLE=y
# 文件系统（rootfs 用）
CONFIG_DEVTMPFS=y
CONFIG_DEVTMPFS_MOUNT=y
CONFIG_TMPFS=y
CONFIG_EXT4_FS=y
CONFIG_VIRTIO=y
CONFIG_VIRTIO_PCI=y
CONFIG_VIRTIO_BLK=y
CONFIG_VIRTIO_NET=y
EOF
make ARCH=x86_64 CC=clang olddefconfig
echo "==> 编译内核（这需要几分钟）..."
make ARCH=x86_64 CC=clang -j"$JOBS"
echo "==> 生成 compile_commands.json..."
python3 scripts/clang-tools/gen_compile_commands.py
echo " 生成完成：$(pwd)/compile_commands.json"
cd "$WORKDIR"
# ============================================================
# 4. 制作最小 rootfs（busybox）
# ============================================================
echo "==> [4/5] 编译 BusyBox rootfs..."
if [ ! -d "busybox" ]; then
wget -q --show-progress \
"https://busybox.net/downloads/busybox-${BUSYBOX_VERSION}.tar.bz2"
tar xf "busybox-${BUSYBOX_VERSION}.tar.bz2"
mv "busybox-${BUSYBOX_VERSION}" busybox
rm "busybox-${BUSYBOX_VERSION}.tar.bz2"
fi
cd busybox
make defconfig
# 静态编译，不依赖 libc
sed -i 's/# CONFIG_STATIC is not set/CONFIG_STATIC=y/' .config
make -j"$JOBS"
make install # 安装到 busybox/_install/
cd "$WORKDIR"
# 制作 initramfs
echo "==> 打包 initramfs..."
mkdir -p initramfs/{bin,sbin,etc,proc,sys,dev,tmp}
cp -a busybox/_install/* initramfs/
# init 脚本
cat > initramfs/init << 'EOF'
#!/bin/sh
mount -t proc none /proc
mount -t sysfs none /sys
mount -t devtmpfs none /dev 2>/dev/null || mdev -s
echo ""
echo "=============================="
echo " Mini Linux on QEMU - ready "
echo "=============================="
echo ""
exec /bin/sh
EOF
chmod +x initramfs/init
# 打包成 cpio
cd initramfs
find . | cpio -o -H newc | gzip > ../initramfs.cpio.gz
cd "$WORKDIR"
echo " initramfs.cpio.gz 制作完成"
# ============================================================
# 5. 生成启动脚本 + VSCode 配置
# ============================================================
echo "==> [5/5] 生成配置文件..."
# 启动脚本
cat > run_qemu.sh << EOF
#!/bin/bash
# 普通启动
qemu-system-x86_64 \\
-kernel $WORKDIR/linux/arch/x86_64/boot/bzImage \\
-initrd $WORKDIR/initramfs.cpio.gz \\
-append "console=ttyS0 nokaslr" \\
-nographic \\
-m 512M \\
-no-reboot
# 退出：Ctrl+A 然后按 X
EOF
chmod +x run_qemu.sh
# GDB 调试启动脚本
cat > run_qemu_debug.sh << EOF
#!/bin/bash
# 调试模式：QEMU 等待 GDB 连接（端口 1234）
qemu-system-x86_64 \\
-kernel $WORKDIR/linux/arch/x86_64/boot/bzImage \\
-initrd $WORKDIR/initramfs.cpio.gz \\
-append "console=ttyS0 nokaslr" \\
-nographic \\
-m 512M \\
-no-reboot \\
-s -S
# 然后在另一个终端运行：
# gdb $WORKDIR/linux/vmlinux
# (gdb) target remote :1234
# (gdb) c
EOF
chmod +x run_qemu_debug.sh
# VSCode 配置
mkdir -p linux/.vscode
cat > linux/.vscode/settings.json << EOF
{
"clangd.arguments": [
"--compile-commands-dir=\${workspaceFolder}",
"--background-index",
"--clang-tidy=false",
"--header-insertion=never",
"--completion-style=detailed",
"--log=error"
],
"C_Cpp.intelliSenseEngine": "disabled",
"c-cpp-flylint.enable": false
}
EOF
# VSCode 调试配置 launch.json
cat > linux/.vscode/launch.json << EOF
{
"version": "0.2.0",
"configurations": [
{
"name": "Kernel Debug (QEMU)",
"type": "cppdbg",
"request": "launch",
"program": "$WORKDIR/linux/vmlinux",
"args": [],
"stopAtEntry": false,
"cwd": "$WORKDIR/linux",
"miDebuggerPath": "/usr/bin/gdb",
"miDebuggerServerAddress": "localhost:1234",
"setupCommands": [
{
"description": "设置架构",
"text": "set architecture i386:x86-64",
"ignoreFailures": false
},
{
"description": "允许加载内核 GDB 脚本",
"text": "add-auto-load-safe-path $WORKDIR/linux",
"ignoreFailures": false
}
]
}
]
}
EOF
# GDB 配置
cat > linux/.gdbinit << EOF
# 加载内核 GDB 脚本（符号、辅助命令）
add-auto-load-safe-path $WORKDIR/linux/scripts/gdb/vmlinux-gdb.py
source $WORKDIR/linux/scripts/gdb/vmlinux-gdb.py
set architecture i386:x86-64
EOF
echo ""
echo "=========================================="
echo " 环境搭建完成！"
echo "=========================================="
echo ""
echo "目录结构："
echo " $WORKDIR/"
echo " ├── linux/ 内核源码（用 VSCode 打开这个目录）"
echo " │ ├── compile_commands.json clangd 索引文件"
echo " │ ├── .vscode/settings.json clangd 配置（已关闭 flylint）"
echo " │ └── .vscode/launch.json F5 直接调试"
echo " ├── initramfs.cpio.gz 最小根文件系统"
echo " ├── run_qemu.sh 普通启动"
echo " └── run_qemu_debug.sh GDB 调试启动"
echo ""
echo "启动 QEMU："
echo " cd $WORKDIR && ./run_qemu.sh"
echo ""
echo "GDB 调试："
echo " 终端1: ./run_qemu_debug.sh"
echo " 终端2: gdb linux/vmlinux"
echo " (gdb) target remote :1234"
echo " (gdb) b start_kernel"
echo " (gdb) c"
echo ""
echo "VSCode："
echo " 用 Remote SSH 打开 $WORKDIR/linux"
echo " clangd 会自动加载 compile_commands.json"